The Growth of Indian Nationalism under British Rule: Phases and Ideological Shifts

Abstract

The growth of Indian nationalism under British rule was a complex, multi-phased process shaped by economic exploitation, socio-cultural awakening, and political consciousness among Indians. Initially emerging as a moderate, constitutional movement seeking reforms within the colonial framework, Indian nationalism gradually evolved into a mass-based struggle demanding complete independence. This paper examines the phases of this evolution, including the early moderate phase, the extremist phase, and the Gandhian mass movement phase, analyzing the ideological shifts that occurred within each period. It also explores the role of socio-religious reform movements, the impact of Western education, the rise of an Indian press, and the experiences of economic deprivation under colonial policies in fueling nationalist sentiments. By mapping the ideological transitions from loyalty to the Crown to outright demand for Purna Swaraj (complete independence), this study highlights how Indian nationalism transformed from elite-led constitutional agitation to a broad-based mass movement, reflecting the aspirations of diverse social groups in India. The paper aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how Indian nationalism under British rule was neither linear nor monolithic but a dynamic interplay of shifting ideologies, leadership strategies, and mass participation that ultimately culminated in India’s freedom in 1947.